This is my Annotated bibliography we had to get various different sources on one subject and put it in CSE format.

Akil, Luma, and H Anwar Ahmad. “Relationships between Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases in Four Southern States and Colorado.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2011, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22102306.

 

The authors, researchers at the Jackson State University college of Science and Engineering, use data that they obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) and Behavioral Risk Factor System (BRFSS) to test their hypothesis that individuals with a higher Body Mass Index would have increased rates of cardio vascular diseases (myocardial infarction and stroke). The researchers used individual’s with BMI values greater than 30 has their target population and had them answer a variety of questions pertaining to their cardio vascular health. They found that their hypothesis was strongly supported when comparing obesity rate to the cardio vascular disease stroke, while the effects were less significant when comparing obesity and Myocardial infarction. Increasing the obesity rate increased the stroke rate however increasing the obesity rate did not seem to affect the Myocardial infarction rate. The researchers found that their results showed an even stronger correlation in males when comparand females. They also found that their results showed a stronger relationship in African American when compared to individual of other races. This study focused on how different populations were affected by the same study and could lead to future research on why these differences are present. Both of the authors who published this article were PhD’s and claimed that the article was objective.

 

Khan, Sadiya S, et al. “Association of Body Mass Index With Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Compression of Morbidity.” JAMA Cardiology, American Medical Association, Apr. 2018, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5875319/.

 

The authors, researchers at the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, use data from numerous longitudinal population-based cohort studies conducted in the united states over the past 7 decades to test their hypothesis that individuals with a higher weight status would have higher lifetime risk estimates of cardio vascular disease. They found their hypothesis was strongly supported when comparing the Body mass Index and incidence of heart failure. Increasing Body Mass Index was related to increased risk of developing CVD at an earlier age, resulting in a larger portion of life lived with CVD morbidity. They found that being overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9) was associated with similar longevities as normal weight but a larger amount of life would be lived cardio vascular disease. Obesity (BMI>30)  however was associated with shorter longevity and significantly increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity. The results challenge the misconception of the cardio vascular health risk associated with just being overweight.

 

Chen, Yu, et al. “Association between Body Mass Index and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in East Asians and South Asians: Pooled Analysis of Prospective Data from the Asia Cohort Consortium.” BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), BMJ Publishing Group Ltd., 1 Oct. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3788174/.

 

The authors, researchers at the Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, used data from Asia Cohort Consortium to test their hypothesis that Asian individuals with a higher BMI would have a higher incidence of cardio vascular disease. They found their hypothesis was highly strongly supported when comparing BMI and cardiovascular disease. Increasing the BMI of Asian individuals lead to an increase in rate of CVD. They found the BMI values greater the 24.9 were related to an increased risk of death from CVD. They also discovered a much weaker association with BMI and risk of cardio vascular disease in east Asians when compared to other regions. This study is different because it also analyzed the relationship between individuals with low Body mass index’s and risk of cardiovascular disease. They discovered that individuals with BMI values lower than 17.5 had a significantly greater chance of developing cardio vascular diseases.

 

Kwagyan, John, et al. “Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases in a High-Risk Population: Evidence-Based Approach to CHD Risk Reduction.” Ethnicity & Disease, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4487367/.

 

 

The authors, researchers at the Howard university College of medicine, used data from surveys that they had given 515 obese African American patients to test the effect of lifestyle changes had on cardiovascular disease risk factors. To complete this study they analyzed African Americans with a mean BMI of 42.9 and analyzed the effect of a six-month low salt, low fat diet and aerobic exercise intervention on risk reduction. They found that after six month of lifestyle changes many of the risk factors had improved and the cardio vascular risk scores decreased from 6% to 4% in women and 16% to 13% in men. Their study showed that reducing the BMI values of patients lead to positive outcomes for the reduction of risk factors associated with cardio vascular disease. This study could lead to future emphasis on lifestyle changes for patients who already have the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases